Review of How Does a Poem Mean (1975) by John Ciardi and Miller Essay

Review of How Does a Poem Mean (1975) by John Ciardi and Miller Williams - Essay Example Learning about music is often considered by the layperson to be little more than learning how to read the notes on a printed page and correlate these to specific buttons, keys or positions upon a particular instrument. Some may also consider that learning about music will include vague discussions of tempo, famous composers or basic trends. For most, this is as far as they are willing to consider and often feel that music, good music, is somehow closed off to them within the meaningless world of academia. In today’s facts and science-driven world, the approach to music, which is often more attuned to imaginative understanding more than logical knowledge, may indeed be too difficult for many to contemplate. However, there is a means by which individuals might be more smoothly introduced to the world of music by first helping them to understand the more logical and mapped out elements of poetry and then comparing this to music. Such a progression can be discovered through Ciardi and Williams’ instructive introduction to poetry followed by Sessions’ explanation of how to ‘read’ music, concluding with Copland’s instruction of how to take what has been read and develop true music appreciation.

English the Crucible Essay Example for Free

English the Crucible Essay The definition of a crucible is a place or situation in which concentrated forces interact to cause or influence change or development. This applies to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible in the fact that the small town of Salem, Massachusetts is changed dramatically when a girl and her friends make accusations against people for practicing witchcraft. Many individuals such as Reverend Hale, Mary Warren, John Proctor, and Elizabeth Proctor were also changed through a series of events. Yet there were some people who did not change, even after what they went through. Examples of these people are: Parris, Abigail, Deputy Governor Dansforth, and Judge Hathorne. Of all these characters, the individuals that should definitely be examined in deeper detail as to whether or not they changed are Abigail Williams, Reverend Hale, and John Proctor. The first of these poor souls is Abigail Williams. Towards the beginning of the play she was prideful, yet fearful that her name would be ruined if people found out about her and John Proctor’s affair. She truly shows this feature when she is in Betty’s room and Abigail says in a temper, â€Å"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is spoiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar! † (Miller pg. 12) Abigail remains the same person throughout the entire play, all she wants is John Proctor and all those who could ruin her name dead. This clearly is seen Abigail confronts Proctor in the woods, and she warns him that she will have his wife arrested and charged with witchcraft if he does not go with her. Poor Abigail Williams did not learn or change at all throughout the entire course of events that occurred. Another unfortunate character is that of Reverend Hale. In the beginning he is just another conformed preacher who believes the girls accusations of witchcraft in the town. This is clearly witnessed when he is trying to rid Betty of the devil, asks the girls who was with the devil when they saw him. Then the girls started rambling off names of people in the town and Hale believed them. Later in the play, Reverend Hale changes his mind; he goes from believing the girls to not trusting them. This is evident when they accuse John Proctor of witchcraft, and Reverend Hale tries to stop the court from arresting him. At the end of the play Reverend Hale went from a conformed preacher to a free thinking man who can see through the girls’ lies of witchcraft. Reverend hale has without a doubt turned his views for the better. The last of the unlucky people, is John Proctor. He was, in the earlier scenes, a quieter, sort of a stand-offish type of person. This is seen when he comes to town only to get his servant, Mary Warren, and doesn’t really speak to anyone. Later in the play he starts to change his attitude to more of an assertive and forceful person when his wife is taken when she is accused of witchcraft. It is clearly seen when he goes to the court house to testify, with Marry Warren, against Abigail Williams and the other girls, to prove that they were lying the entire time about the whole witchcraft finger pointing. The piteous Mr. Proctor may have changed, but not as much as he could have. Throughout this entire book many characters changed and many others have not. Overall, Reverend Hale appears to be the character that changed the most. This is so because he started out as conformed to society in the sense of believing that those accused where actual witches or warlocks. Later though, he did change his thinking and did start to believe people like John Proctor who knew that the girls were lying about all of the accusations of witchcraft and wizardry. All in all, Reverend Hale is that only character that changed the most overall throughout the entire play.

Gothic writing remains fascinated by objects and practices that are :: English Literature

Gothic writing remains fascinated by objects and practices that are negative, irrational and immoral. How far would you agree with this statement? Jane Eyre? WHY the focus, why the preoccupation? Introduction It is typical of Gothic writing to be fascinated by objects and practices that are negative, irrational and immoral.(define key term in terms of gothic elements) Such objects and practices are usually shunned by the society, much of which are very controversial. However, the Gothic being didactic in nature uses these objects and practices to challenge and convey a certain moral agenda. In this essay, in the context of Charlotte Bronte'sJane Eyre and Bram Stoker's Dracula, we are going to explore the different objects and practices in these novels that are negative, irrational and immoral and show how they can convey a moral agenda. There are several objects and practices in which portrays the immoral obesssions??? of Victorian society. Practices such as polygamy, voyeurism and rape, , incest and theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Oedipus complex are such of immoral practices in which shows that the Gothic is fascinated in its writing. Polygamy is regarded immoral in Victorian times as men are traditonalluy monogamysupposed to have relationships with more than one woman. The blood transfusion scene in Stoker's Dracula of Lucy by Arthur Holmwood, Quincey Morris, Van Helsing and Doctor Seward depicts the controversies of polygamy. In page 225, Arthur claims that "he felt, since (the blood transfusion), as if 'they too had been really married and that she was his wife in the sight of God". This shows that Arthur, in Freudian terms, is already 'married' during the transfusion, along with the other men. If the idea of transfusing as a divine practice of marriage, the fact that, the other three men had also transferred blood to her would mean that they too have married her. This fulfils Lucy's desire of "letting a girl marry three menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as many want her", as it has been said in page 81. Voyeurism and rape, in which is regarded as an immoral act is also shown in Dracula in which the act of staking Lucy's heart is according Roth (199) is "relatively explicit and full of sexuality". When the stake is driven into her heart, she lapses into an orgasmic-like state, as it is quoted in page 277, "The Thing in the coffin writhed; and a hideous blood-curdling screech came from the opened red lips." Females being sexually open are regarded as immoral during the Victorian era. There are several examples showing Lucy being sexually open, as such in page 80, "You think me as a horrid flirt though I can't help feeling a sort of exaltation that" two men were interested

Code Division Multiple Access Communication Systems

Chapter 2- Communication System Telecommunication systems have now made it possible to pass on with virtually anyone at any clip. Early telegraph and telephone system used Cu wire to transport signal over the earth’ surface and across oceans and high frequence ( HF ) wireless, besides normally called shortwave wireless, made possible inter-continental telephone links.Every communicating system has its ain frequence scope, system, capacity, application execution cost. On the footing of transmittal system there are two types of communicating system †¢ Wired communicating system †¢ Wireless communicating system 2.2 Multiple Access Technique A limited sum of bandwidth is allocated for radio services. A radio system is required to incorporate as many users as possible by efficaciously sharing the limited bandwidth. Therefore, in communicating, the term multiple entree can non be defined as a agency of leting multiple users to at the same time portion the finite bandwidth with least possible debasement in the public presentation of the system. There are four multiple entree methods – a ) Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) B ) Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) degree Celsius ) Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) vitamin D ) Space Division Multiple Access ( SDMA )Frequency Division Multiple Accesses ( FDMA )FDMA is one of the oldest multiple entree techniques for cellular systems when uninterrupted transmittal is required for parallel services. In this bandwidth is divided into a figure of channels and distributed among users with a finite part of bandwidth for lasting usage, as illustrated in figure 2.2. The channels are assigned merely when there is a demand of the users. Therefore when a channel is non in usage it consequences in a otiose resource. Fig 2.2Channel Use by FDMA FDMA channels have narrow bandwidth of about 30 KHz, and therefore they are normally implemented in narrow set system. Since the user has his part of bandwidth all the clip, FDMA does non necessitate clocking control, which makes it simple. Even though no two users use the same frequence set at the same clip, guard sets are introduced between sets to minimise channel intervention. Guard sets are fresh frequence slots which separates neighbouring channels. This leads to a wastage of bandwidth. In a non-continuous transmittal bandwidth goes wasted since it is non being utilized for a part of the clip.Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA )In digital systems, uninterrupted transmittal is non required as the users do non use the allotted bandwidth all the clip. In such systems, TDMA is a O.K.ing technique compared to FDMA. Global Systems for Mobile communications i.e GSM uses the TDMA technique. In TDMA, bandwidth is available to the user but merely for a finite period of clip. In most in stances the bandwidth is divided into fewer channels compared to FDMA and the users are allotted clip slots during which they have the full channel bandwidth at their disposal. This is illustrated in figure 2.3. Fig 2.3Channel Uses by TDMA TDMA requires careful clip synchronism since users portion the bandwidth in the frequence sphere. As the figure of channels are less, channel intervention is about negligible, hence the guard clip between the channels is significantly smaller. Guard clip is spacing clip between the TDMA. In cellular communications, whenever a user moves from one cell to other there is a opportunity that user could see a call loss if there are no free clip slots. TDMA uses different clip slots for transmittal every bit good as response.Code Division Multiple AccessIn CDMA, all the users occupy the same bandwidth, though they are all assigned separate codifications, which distinguishes them from each other as shown in figure 2.4. CDMA systems utilize a spread spectrum technique in which a spreading signal, is uncorrelated to the signal and has a larger bandwidth, is used to distribute the narrow set signal. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum i.e DS-SS is most normally used for codification division multip le surplus. In Direct sequence spread spectrum, the message signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code, which has a noise like belongingss. Each user has its ain codification which is extraneous to the codification of every other users. In order to feel the user, the receiving system is required to cognize the codeword used by the sender. contrasting TDMA, CDMA does non necessitate clip synchronism between the users. Fig 2.4Channel Uses by CDMA 2.4 CDMA 2.4.1 History Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) is a new construct in wireless communications. It has achieved widespread credence by cellular system operators, that will dramatically increase both their system capacity and the service quality. CDMA is a signifier of spread-spectrum, that have been used in military applications for old ages. The rule of spread spectrum is the usage of noise-like moving ridges and, as the name connote bandwidths much larger than that required for simple point to indicate communicating at the same information rate. foremost there were two motive: To defy enemy attempts to throng the communications ( anti-jam, or AJ ) , or to conceal the fact that communicating was even taking topographic point, from clip to clip called low chance of intercept. It has a history that goes back to the early yearss of World War second. The usage of CDMA for nomadic wireless applications is new. It was planned theoretically in the late fourty’s. profitable applications became promising because of two evolutionary developments. One was the handiness of really low cost, high denseness digital ICs, which cut down the size and cost of the endorser Stationss to an adequately low value. Introduction to CDMA CDMA is a multiple entree technique that allows multiple users to convey independent information within the same bandwidth at the same time. Each user is assigned a pseudo-random codification that is either extraneous to the codifications of all the other users or the codification possesses appropriate cross-correlation belongingss that minimize the multiple entree intervention ( MAI ) . This codification is superimposed on an information signal therefore, doing the signal emerges to be noise like to other users. Merely the intended receiving system has a reproduction of the same codification and uses it to pull out the information signal. This so allows the sharing of the same spectrum by multiple users without doing inordinate MAI. It besides ensures message privateness, since merely the intended user is able to â€Å"decode† the signal. This codification is besides known as a spreading codification, since it spreads the bandwidth of the original informations signal into a m uch higher bandwidth before transmittal. 2.4.2 CDMA Classification Tree Fig 2.6Classification Tree of the assorted types of CDMA Techniques Advantages of CDMA One of the chief advantages of CDMA is that call dropouts occur merely when the phone is at least twice every bit far from the base station. It is used in the pastoral countries where GSM make non acquire to work decently. Another advantage is capacity means it has a really high spectral capacity so that it can suit more users. Disadvantages of CDMA One major job in CDMA engineering is channel pollution, where signals from excessively different cell sites are present in the subscriber’s phone but none of them is foremost. When this state of affairs arises the characteristic of the audio signal degrades. Another disadvantage is when compared to GSM it lacks international roaming capablenesss. 2.5 Spread Spectrum Spread spectrum are the methods in which energy generated at a individual frequence is spread over a broad set of frequences. The basic spread spectrum technique is shown in Figure 2.7. This is done to accomplish transmittal that is robust against the channel damages, and to be able to defy natural interventions or thronging besides to forestall hostile sensing. These techniques were developed by military counsel systems. The technique is said to be spread spectrum if transmittal bandwidth is much greater than minimal bandwidth needed to convey the information.The system achieves spread spectrum if it fulfills the undermentioned demands:Signal occupies bandwidth much larger of the minimal bandwidth necessary to direct information.Spreading is done with the aid of distributing codification signal which is independent of the informations.At the receiving system, de-spreading is done by the correlativity of the received dispersed signal with a synchronised reproduction of the distributi ng signal used to distribute the information.Spread signal bandwidth Undesired signal informations signal recovered informations Spreading code signal Spreading codification signal Fig 2.7Model of Basic Spread Spectrum Technique The chief parametric quantity in dispersed spectrum systems is the treating addition: Is the ratio of transmittal and information bandwidth:Gp =, which is fundamentally the spreading factor. The processing addition calculates the figure of users that can be allowed, the sum of multi-path effects and the trouble to throng a signal. Spread spectrum can be classified as follows – a ) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum B ) Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum degree Celsius ) Time Hopping Spread Spectrum 2.5.1 DS-CDMA Direct Sequence is the best Dispersed Spectrum Technique. The DS-CDMA method provides a multiple of benefits in cellular systems including easiness in planing frequence channels and protection against intervention, such that a high procedure addition is used. In DS-CDMA each user has its ain spreading codification. The choice of good codification is of import because auto-correlation belongingss and length of the codification restricts system capacity. The codification can be divided into two categories-Orthogonal codifications ( Walsh codifications )Non-orthogonal codifications ( PN, Gold, Kasami codifications )The informations signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code. A PN codification is a sequence of french friess its scope is -1 and 1 ( polar ) or 0 and 1 ( non-polar ) . This consequences in low cross-correlation values among the codifications and the trouble to throng or observe a information message. A usual manner to make a PN codification is by agencies of at least one displacement registry. The bit rate decides the rate at which distributing signals are transmitted. At the receiver terminal, spread signals are decoded with the aid of correlativity maps. Cross correlativity de-spreads the standard signals and retrieves the familial signal similar to the user’s original signal. The distributing sequences can orthogonal agencies ‘0’ transverse correlativity or random sequences with low cross-correlation belongingss. Y ( T ) m ( T ) C ( T ) Cos ( wt ) Fig 2.8Direct Sequence Spread – Spectrum Modulation System In the DS-CDMA technique, each spots of the users informations are multiplied with a codification in the transmitting terminal. The codification sequence used in conveying terminal performs the function of distributing codification. The baseband theoretical account of a DS-CDMA system is shown in fig 2.8. Let m ( T ) denotes a binary information sequence, degree Celsius ( T ) denotes a codification sequence. The wave forms m ( T ) and c ( T ) denote polar representations in footings of two degrees as  ±1. By multiplying the information spots by the codification, each information spot is divided into a little clip increases that are called french friess. The baseband signal( T ) is filtered to restrict energy within the bandwidth, defined by the codification rate. The bearer transition normally used in dispersed spectrum is phase displacement identifying. Sing the figure we get: ( T ) = m ( T ) C ( T ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 3.2 ) The baseband signal( T ) is convoluted with the impulse response of the spectrum determining filter to give Y ( T ) : Y ( T ) =( T ) ? H ( T ) , where * denotes convolution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The set base on balls signal( T ) = [( T ) ? H ( T ) ] cosT ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 3.4 ) m ( T ) Cos ( wt ) Clock C ( T ) Fig 2.9Matched Filter Spread-Spectrum Receiver. The standard Band base on balls signal( T ) is converted to an tantamount complex low base on balls signal A ( T ) by blending with a locally generated coherent bearer. The complex low base on balls signal A ( T ) =( T ) cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 3.5 ) The de-spread signal B ( T ) = A ( T ) [ C ( T ) ? H ( T ) ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 3.6 ) The end product of the matched filter D ( T ) =( 3.7 ) . The receiving system decodes the informations: D ( T ) & A ; gt ; 0 decode binary ‘1’ otherwise decode binary ‘0’. -11 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 user’s spot dispersed signal Despread signal Received spot distributing sequence distributing sequence Fig 2.10User Signal in DS-CDMA System Let us believe the first spots of four users. By multiplying each spot with a PN codification, users spots are represented by seven french friess as shown above. User 1 [ 1 ] : 1 C1: -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 = & A ; gt ; -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 User 2 [ 1 ] : -1 C2: 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1= & A ; gt ;-1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 User 3 [ 1 ] : 1 C3: -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 = & A ; gt ; -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 User 4 [ 1 ] : -1 C4: 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1= & A ; gt ; -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 – 1 R [ 1 ] : -4 2 0 0 2 -2 2 ( received informations ) The received information consists of information of four users. To retrieve the original spots of users from the received informations, the received informations should multiplied with the codification sequence in the receiving system that is precisely same with that is used for distributing the original informations in sender agencies ( de-spreading ) . We assume that the receiving system operates in perfect synchrony with the sender. As a last measure, determination is made by comparing the consequences with a threshold value as shown below. R [ 1 ] * C1= 4-2+2+2+2= 8 & A ; gt ; 0 = & A ; gt ; 1 R [ 1 ] * C2= -4-2+2-2-2= -8 & A ; lt ; 0 = & A ; gt ; -1 R [ 1 ] * C3= 4+2+2-2+2= 8 & A ; gt ; 0 = & A ; gt ; 1 R [ 1 ] * C4= -4-2-2-2+2= -8 & A ; lt ; 0 = & A ; gt ; -1 Advantages of DS-CDMAIt has an intervention rejection belongings ; every user is identified with a specific codification sequence which is about extraneous to the other users codifications.The DS-CDMA besides excludes the demand of channel spliting therefore all users use the full channel bandwidth.Furthermore, it is stiff to multipath attenuation. Signals in DS-CDMA systems are indistinguishable strength full a broad bandwidth which can pull strings the multipath attenuation to modify the end product.Properties of DS-CDMA.Multiple Access – If multiple users use the channel at the same clip, there will be multiple signals overlapping in clip and frequence. At the receiver terminal coherent demodulation is used to take the codification transition. This method concentrates the power of the desired user in the information bandwidth. If the cross-correlations between the codification of the desired user and the codifications of the interfering users are little, consistent sensing will merely set a little portion of the power of the interfering signals into the information bandwidth.Narrowband Interference- The coherent sensing at the receiving system involves a generation of the standard signal with a locally generated codification sequence. However, as we see at the sender, multiplying a narrowband signal with a wideband codification sequence spreads the spectrum of the narrowband signal so that its power in the information bandwidth decreases by a factor which is equal to the processing addition.2.6 Problem Description Main job with DS-SS is the so called Near –Far consequence. This is described by an illustration. In figure 2.12 this consequence is present when an interfering sender TX ( B ) is closer to the receiving system RX ( A ) than the intended TX ( A ) and, the correlativity between the standard signal from the interfering sender TX ( B ) and RX ( A ) can be higher than the correlativity between the standard signal from the intended sender TX ( A ) and RX ( A ) . The consequence is that proper informations sensing is non possible. Transmitter Tx ( B ) Transmitter Tx ( A ) Fig 2.12Near Far Effect Another job is hidden and exposed terminus in wireless Ad-hoc web. Hidden terminusjob refers- The hit of package at the having node due to the coincident transmittal of those nodes that are non within the direct transmittal scope of the transmitter. Exposed terminusjob refers- The inability of a node which is blocked due to nearby transmission node, to convey another node. For Example if both node S1 and S2 transmit to node R1 at same clip their packages collide at node R1.This happens because both nodes S1 and S2 are hidden from each other as they are non within the direct transmittal scope of each other. This is called concealed terminus job. On the other manus if a transmittal from node S1 to another node R1 is already in advancement, node S3 can non convey to node R2, as it concludes that its neighbour node S1 is in conveying node and hence it should non interface with the on-going transmittal. This job reduces the throughput of web when traffic burden is high. Transmission scope of node S1 Transmission scope of node S2 Fig 2.13Hidden and Exposed Terminal Problems 2.7 Proposed Work The Basic motivation of our undertaking was to analyze and develop an Efficient Mac based DS-CDMA protocol for work outing near far job. A CDMA communicating system requires an efficient design and testing of its subsystems of PN-sequence generator, spectrum spreading and de-spreading digital circuits and digital modulator and detector faculties which give high throughput. Another issue is near far consequence. 2.7.1 Reason for proposed protocol The Near far consequence is created in the uplink of DS-SS CDMA. When a combination of unfastened and closed-loop power control which ensures that each terminus generates the same signal power at the base station. The base station monitors the power of standard signal from each terminus and instructs distant terminuss to increase their signal powers and nearby terminuss to diminish theirs illustration below shows the power control entirely is non plenty to cut down the near–far job in DS SS CDMA ad-hoc Network. Example: – Letdenote the distance between nodes Ks and n. suppose A wants to pass on with B utilizing a given codification and C wants to pass on with D utilizing a different codification. Suppose that tap ? dCD, dCB & A ; lt ; & A ; lt ; tap, and dad & A ; lt ; & A ; lt ; dCD. Then, the MAI caused by C makes it impossible for B to have A transmittal. Similarly, the Multiple entree intervention caused by A makes it impossible for D to have C transmittal. It is of import to observe that the two transmittals can non take topographic point at the same time, irrespective of what transmittal powers are selected if an addition in power is made to battle the MAI at B, this increased power will destruct the response at D. Fig 2.14Example shows the Power Control entirely is non plenty to cut down the Near–Far job in DS-SS CDMA Ad-hoc Network The above Fig. unveils two types of jobs – . 1.Medium entree job: – The usage of two different distributing codifications to happen at the same clip is non possible for two transmittals, this job is referred to as medium entree job. 2. Power control job: – If the terminuss adjust their signal powers so two transmittals can take topographic point at the same clip so that the intervention caused by one transmittal is non big plenty to pulverize package response at other terminuss. This is referred as power control job. So the cardinal solution to the close far job must hold both elements: power control and medium entree. 2.7.2 DESIGN GOAL FOR PROTOCOL The Following are the specifications while planing a MAC protocol for Ad-hoc web:The operation of the protocol should be widen and provide quality of service for existent clip traffic.The protocol must be a non-synchronous, spread operation, every bit good as scalable for big webs. It must besides affect minimum exchange of information and must be suited for real-time execution.The protocol must be scalable to big web. in this protocol should be minimise the consequence of hidden and exposed terminus job.The protocol should hold agencies for adaptative informations rate control and it should hold power control mechanisms in order to expeditiously pull off the energy ingestion of node.The receiving system circuitry should non be complex in the sense that it should non be required to supervise the whole codification set.So we design the DS-SS CDMA system with MAC protocol utilizing VHDL.VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks1

How does disability affect child development? Essay

The situation that I chose to use on this topic is based from my own personal experience, I have a 7 year old son who was born with profound hearing loss and was also recently diagnosed with severe Autism. When he was young prior to the diagnosis of his condition I didn’t see anything wrong with him, being a young Mom to my first born I had little knowledge about child’s development, he looked normal to me because he was always smiling and giggling, he was eating right and rarely gets sick so I was at ease and never really thought that something was wrong. But everything changed when he turned 1 year old. I noticed how delayed he was compared to other children his age, he wasn’t walking and couldn’t sit by himself, he wasn’t responding to his name and wasn’t engaged to activities or toys. His development was so delayed that he didn’t start walking until he was 2 years old, he only learned to sit straight by himself when he turned a yea r and a half but he still needed guidance otherwise he’d lose balance and would fall. Living in a country where it was impossible to get access to medical needs needed for my son’s condition, we were in a country where you need to have money to get your child assessed and diagnosed and we weren’t that rich to afford it. We were lucky when we finally got our visa to come here in Canada as a Permanent Resident when my son just turned 2, for the first time we were able to get him assessed and diagnosed, that was when we found out that he was born with profound hearing loss on both ears and that explained his poor balance and delayed development. A year after the diagnosis my son was able to undergo a surgery, he had his cochlear implants to get access to sounds. We were told it will take years for him to learn to speak but it didn’t stop from there. Two years after his surgery my son was diagnosed with severe autism, he was five. I saw the sudden change in his behavior as he was growing and everything became more challenging, he stopped wearing his c ochlear implants for reason we don’t know till these days. My son is still non-verbal, but he’s getting interventions from specialized services, he goes to an inclusive school and he’s getting a lot of support and help from the school. He’s shown progress ever since this agency from specialized services started working with him, school and support from specialized services has helped him a lot and we are lucky to be here in Canada were supports for children is always there. As I faced these challenges with my son all these years I’ve learned a lot of things, I’ve learned that there are different reasons out there resulting to why a child develops a learning or behaviour problems, my son’s journey for instance is an example of a situation where he got his learning and behaviour problems from his disability, his deafness and Autism affected his development in so many ways like his; social development, emotional, communication and language. He was born with a disability and special needs but with the help of intervention and support from school and the services provided by the Government he’s able to learn things to improve his learning and behavior problems. No medical support and assessment could also be a reason resulting to a child’s learning and behavior problem, my son and I were lucky to be given the opportunity to come live in Canada where medical support and intervention for children with special needs are priori tized. Children from a country with no medical help and support are likely to develop learning problems because of the lack of intervention to help support them in areas they are in need of help. My son was in that situation for a short time, that situation where we can’t do anything because money is stopping us from getting medical support. Despite my son’s disability we’re just lucky to be receiving all the supports there is. There are a lot of explanations why a disability can affect a child’s development, it depends on what specific type of disability a child has and which area of a child’s development this disability affect. A child may have ADHD, Autism, Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, Asperger’s syndrome and Down syndrome, all these types of disabilities affect a child’s development that causes a problem with their learning ability. Autism affects a child’s emotional and social development, Autistic children appear to lack a â€Å"theory of mind’. (Baron-Cohen, nd.). Children with Autism prefer to be alone and they may have difficulty regulating their behavior which results in crying and even sometimes self-injurious. Reinforcements and daily modeling and teaching are very important to support a child with Autism build up their ability and knowledge. Same goes to children with hearing impairment that affects their language and communication skills, there are different disabilities and each result to learning and behavior problem, most disabilities are stopping a child’s normal development and sometimes causing a child distress and frustration also to the family’s part. A child with disability can be really challenging because some children with disability such as learning or physical disability may be exposed to discrimination at school by other students and that they will be treated differently than the rest of the students, they may get bullied and teased by other classmates because of their condition which can affect their self-confidence and in turn affect their learning ability and development.

Free Essays on Greek Culture

Greek Culture Most Greeks wear Western clothing, although traditional clothing continues to be worn in some rural areas. There are two types of traditional clothing for men: on the mainland men wear a foustanela (skirt), while a type of baggy trousers called a vraka is worn on the Aegean Islands and Crete. The traditional clothing for women consists of a kavadi (a dress of thick, often gold-woven, silk brocade) worn over a poukamiso (chemise); a kondogouni (tightly fitted velvet jacket) is worn over the poukamiso and a fessi (tasseled cap) completes the outfit. Popular foods include avgolimono (egg-lemon soup), moussaka (eggplant casserole), souvlakia (skewered meat), and baklava (nut-filled pastry). Greeks enjoy retsina wine and ouzo, a strong aperitif made from grape stems and flavored with anise. Traditional houses have whitewashed walls, long, narrow windows, and tiled roofs. Urban housing includes tall apartment buildings. The country’s favorite sports are soccer, basketball, and trac k-and-field events. Among the arts and crafts are ceramics, embroidery, jewelry-making, and leather goods. The culture of ancient Greece had a major influence on the development of Western civilization. For information on Greek culture, see Drama and Dramatic Arts; Greek Art and Architecture; Greek Literature; Greek Music; Greek Philosophy; Greek Mythology; Olympian Games. About 98 percent of the people are followers of the Orthodox Church of Greece. The remaining 2 percent of the population includes Muslims, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. The great majority of the people of Greece speak Modern Greek (see Greek Language). The vernacular Modern Greek and language of popular literature is Demotike, as opposed to Katharevousa, a more formal modern Greek or purist Greek. Demotike became the official language of Greece by an act of parliament in 1976. It is used by the government, the newspapers, and educational institutions. Great diff... Free Essays on Greek Culture Free Essays on Greek Culture Greek Culture Most Greeks wear Western clothing, although traditional clothing continues to be worn in some rural areas. There are two types of traditional clothing for men: on the mainland men wear a foustanela (skirt), while a type of baggy trousers called a vraka is worn on the Aegean Islands and Crete. The traditional clothing for women consists of a kavadi (a dress of thick, often gold-woven, silk brocade) worn over a poukamiso (chemise); a kondogouni (tightly fitted velvet jacket) is worn over the poukamiso and a fessi (tasseled cap) completes the outfit. Popular foods include avgolimono (egg-lemon soup), moussaka (eggplant casserole), souvlakia (skewered meat), and baklava (nut-filled pastry). Greeks enjoy retsina wine and ouzo, a strong aperitif made from grape stems and flavored with anise. Traditional houses have whitewashed walls, long, narrow windows, and tiled roofs. Urban housing includes tall apartment buildings. The country’s favorite sports are soccer, basketball, and trac k-and-field events. Among the arts and crafts are ceramics, embroidery, jewelry-making, and leather goods. The culture of ancient Greece had a major influence on the development of Western civilization. For information on Greek culture, see Drama and Dramatic Arts; Greek Art and Architecture; Greek Literature; Greek Music; Greek Philosophy; Greek Mythology; Olympian Games. About 98 percent of the people are followers of the Orthodox Church of Greece. The remaining 2 percent of the population includes Muslims, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. The great majority of the people of Greece speak Modern Greek (see Greek Language). The vernacular Modern Greek and language of popular literature is Demotike, as opposed to Katharevousa, a more formal modern Greek or purist Greek. Demotike became the official language of Greece by an act of parliament in 1976. It is used by the government, the newspapers, and educational institutions. Great diff... Free Essays on Greek Culture Greek Culture Most Greeks wear Western clothing, although traditional clothing continues to be worn in some rural areas. There are two types of traditional clothing for men: on the mainland men wear a foustanela (skirt), while a type of baggy trousers called a vraka is worn on the Aegean Islands and Crete. The traditional clothing for women consists of a kavadi (a dress of thick, often gold-woven, silk brocade) worn over a poukamiso (chemise); a kondogouni (tightly fitted velvet jacket) is worn over the poukamiso and a fessi (tasseled cap) completes the outfit. Popular foods include avgolimono (egg-lemon soup), moussaka (eggplant casserole), souvlakia (skewered meat), and baklava (nut-filled pastry). Greeks enjoy retsina wine and ouzo, a strong aperitif made from grape stems and flavored with anise. Traditional houses have whitewashed walls, long, narrow windows, and tiled roofs. Urban housing includes tall apartment buildings. The country’s favorite sports are soccer, basketball, and trac k-and-field events. Among the arts and crafts are ceramics, embroidery, jewelry-making, and leather goods. The culture of ancient Greece had a major influence on the development of Western civilization. For information on Greek culture, see Drama and Dramatic Arts; Greek Art and Architecture; Greek Literature; Greek Music; Greek Philosophy; Greek Mythology; Olympian Games. About 98 percent of the people are followers of the Orthodox Church of Greece. The remaining 2 percent of the population includes Muslims, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. The great majority of the people of Greece speak Modern Greek (see Greek Language). The vernacular Modern Greek and language of popular literature is Demotike, as opposed to Katharevousa, a more formal modern Greek or purist Greek. Demotike became the official language of Greece by an act of parliament in 1976. It is used by the government, the newspapers, and educational institutions. Great diff...

Definition and Examples of Ethnic Dialects

Definition and Examples of Ethnic Dialects An ethnic dialect is the distinct form of a language spoken by members of a particular ethnic group. Also called socioethnic dialect. Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet Fuller point out that ethnic dialects are not simply foreign accents of the majority language, as many of their speakers may well be monolingual speakers of the majority language. . . . Ethnic dialects are ingroup ways of speaking the majority language (An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2015). In the United States, the two most widely studied ethnic dialects are  African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)  and Chicano English  (also known as Hispanic Vernacular English).   Commentary People who live in one place talk differently from people in another place due largely to the settlement patterns of that areathe linguistic characteristics of the people who settled there are the primary influence on that dialect, and the speech of most people in that area shares similar dialect features. However, . . . African American English is spoken primarily by Americans of African descent; its unique characteristics were due initially to settlement patterns as well but now persist due to the social isolation of African Americans and the historical discrimination against them. African American English is therefore more accurately defined as an ethnic dialect than as a regional one. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Ethnic Dialects in the U.S. The desegregation of ethnic communities is an ongoing process in American society that continually brings speakers of different groups into closer contact. However, the result of contact is not always the erosion of ethnic dialect boundaries. Ethnolinguistic distinctiveness can be remarkably persistent, even in face of sustained, daily inter-ethnic contact. Ethnic dialect varieties are a product of cultural and individual identity as well as a matter of simple contact. One of the dialect lessons of the twentieth century is that speakers of ethnic varieties like Ebonics not only have maintained but have even enhanced their linguistic distinctiveness over the past half century. (Walt Wolfram, American Voices: How Dialects Differ From Coast to Coast. Blackwell, 2006) Although no other ethnic dialect has been studied to the extent that AAVE has, we know that there are other ethnic groups in the United States with distinctive linguistic characteristics: Jews, Italians, Germans, Latinos, Vietnamese, Native Americans, and Arabs are some examples. In these cases the distinctive characteristics of English are traceable to another language, such as Jewish English oy vay from Yiddish or the southeastern Pennsylvania Dutch (actually German) Make the window shut. In some cases, the immigrant populations are too new to determine what lasting effects the first language will have on English. And, of course, we must always keep in mind that language differences never fall into discrete compartments even though it may seem that way when we try to describe them. Rather, such factors as region, social class, and ethnic identity will interact in complicated ways. (Anita K. Berry, Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education. Greenwood, 2002)

The Two Sounds of G

The Two Sounds of G The Two Sounds of G The Two Sounds of G By Maeve Maddox In Old English, the letter g represented four sounds. (Check out the etymological note in the OED for details.) I shall limit my remarks to the two sounds of g in modern English. Unlike the letter c, which is an alternate spelling for the sounds of k and s and has no sound of its own, the letter g does have one sound of its own: the â€Å"hard† sound heard in glove. The second sound of g, the â€Å"soft† sound heard in giant, represents the sound that belongs to the letter j [j]. ESL learners often ask if there’s a rule for knowing when the g represents the â€Å"hard† sound and when the â€Å"soft† sound. There are guidelines that help, but not all words conform to the guidelines. NOTE: In mastering English spelling, the sensible approach is to learn the general rules and then, using them as a point of reference, learn the exceptions. General Rules If the g is followed by e, i, or y, the pronunciation is â€Å"soft g: g+i: magic, margin, origin, engine g+e: page, generation, detergent, vengeance g+y: astrology Egyptian gym If the g is followed by any other letter (than e, i, y), the pronunciation is â€Å"hard g: gazebo glove gaze go grab gum If the g comes at the end of a word, the pronunciation is â€Å"hard g: pig mug wig zigzag jug Sometimes a u follows a g in order to keep it from bumping up against an i or an e: guess guest guild guile guilt Exceptions to the e, i, y Rule Hebrew names: Gideon, Gilead Words of Germanic origin: give, gift, get, gild, Gilbert, Gilda Scottish names: Gilchrist, Gillespie, Gilroy Gynecology Most English words that derive from the Greek word for woman [gyne] follow the rule for g followed by y and are pronounced with a â€Å"soft g, for example, misogynist: one who hates or is ill-disposed to women polygyny: a form of polygamy, marriage of a man to more than one woman at a time androgynous – having both male and female characteristics When the word gynaecology to describe the department of medical science that treats of the functions and diseases of women was coined in the19th century, it was pronounced with a â€Å"soft g. Some speakers still pronounce it that way, although the hard g has become the most common pronunciation in both British and American English. (The American spelling is gynecology) Related post: Womanly Words–Gyn Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictDawned vs. Donned30 Nautical Expressions

Creating a business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creating a business - Essay Example The business plan of the company aims at providing the travelers with the opportunity of taking a private jet to begin travelling from their ultimate objective within Europe to the airlines focal point, to embark upon the linking flights within the First class otherwise the Business Class to the Air blue objectives all over the world. The innovative classified jet service, a supplementary augmentation inside the lofty end marketplace, they can also be utilized for the flights connecting almost all the European airports. The Air Blue Private Jet is idyllically also what complements the private airline jets intercontinental association by totaling up to 2,000 private flight alternatives. The joint venture primarily behind this innovative as well as private Air Blue produce had been authoritatively authorized by the CEO of Air blue jets , along with the international association of Private jets around the world . (Travel daily news.com, 2005) The people, who are making a... ing to the primary research conducted by the company, there have been several potential clients who have made the company realize that the customers are actually looking forward to the element of utmost elasticity during their travel arrangement. Curbing down the actual travel time can act as a very significant feature in business success. With our new offering, designed to meet the requirements of the companies most discriminating clientele, the company aims to bring together Air blue's distinguished quality principles by way of the compensations of classified travelling. In the form of the international private jets corporation, the company has also been able to recognize the collaborator for this subdivision. The corporation is the globe leader in the private aviation industry, with nearly the employees almost having 3 years understanding, lofty industrial standards, professionalism in getaway development in addition to association as well as the uppermost safety principles additi onally; the customers are content to be with acquaintances with Air blue private Jet. Ensuring their majority expensive customers they have extraordinary choice and flexibility. The customers market usually overjoyed that the intercontinental street chosen the worldwide association as its collaborator - as no one have the social contact of more with regards to the deviation within the US head. This justification makes the additional, than self honorable of the safety confirmation and service .Additionally, choosing a preferred collection of the First and Business Class travelers moreover all honoring members. These travelers have the advantage of putting together the utilization of the private Jet examinations, which have been bordered as a magnate furthermore other than an approximate

Basketball Jump Shot Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Basketball Jump Shot - Research Paper Example ir teams practice and play, the coaches develop certain skills over time that can be employed to achieve great success especially if complimented by knowledge derived from biomechanics (Hanes & Bauer, 2006). A jump shot may be said to be a high arching, softly rotating toss where the basketball player releases the ball right or slightly at the apex of his/her jump. While some coaches believe that shooters are born Hanes & Bauer (2006) point out that shooting is also a skill that can be taught to the athlete. For instance, in order to achieve a good jump shot, the athlete will need to apply good velocity to the ball. The velocity will steer the ball horizontally as well as vertical to the target. Biomechanics suggest that the athlete should square up to the basket and jump in a vertical manner before releasing the ball. This is best achieved when a player is doing a â€Å"drive† since the speed of the player will help in achieving velocity for the ball. However, speed may at times be counterproductive since it might affect the stability of the player. It is therefore necessary to establish equilibrium to ensure that optimal speed is achieved while stability is not compromised. The athlete should have a good base of support as this will ensure accuracy of the shot. Different basket ball players have different shooting techniques. For instance, some will concentrate on the backspin while others are more conscious of the balance. Regardless of one’s shooting technique, there are some salient components of shooting that need to be incorporated for optimal performance (Kelley, 2003). The very first important facet is the leg base. Kelley (2003) advises that a consistent exercise involving stretching and lifting of the muscles should be maintained. This exercise will help in providing the muscles with needed force for lifting up over the rim. The other component is squaring up. As Kelley (2003) observes, the athlete’s shoulders and the feet should always be in

Models of Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Models of Organized Crime - Essay Example Thus, respected members of society: policemen or law officers are bribed and coerced into allowing these individuals to follow through with their plans. There are two models that seek to explain the presence of organized crime in society: the bureaucratic/corporate model and the patrimonial/patron-client model (Abadinsky 2003). This essay seeks to understand the reasons and influence these two models play on organized crime. The bureaucratic model survives on the tandem of efficiency. It is essential for large operations and activities. Thus, the individuals involved in conducting these organized crimes focus on bringing a degree of competence to the system to ensure it functions properly. This system works under Weber's definition of the various elements to an organization (1947). It needs rules, specialized training, division of labor and an authority. Thus the corporate model functions under one leader who is at the top according to the pyramidal system of authority. There is a system of specialized workers who function under this leader. And the authority maintains its power through various laws: vows of silence when communicating with a law officer. Thus, the larger the organization becomes, the more important it becomes to control it through this system of laws and power.

Human Factors in Aviation Safety Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Factors in Aviation Safety - Article Example This is illustrated using organization conditions such as effective communication, supervision and omissions that were attributed to the changes in the company. Having gone through this report, I would like to express my satisfaction with it. The examples given here are typical of how influential human factors are in aviation industry. It is true that the performance of employees in aviation sector heavily relies on the supervision levels given to them, their qualifications and professionalism. This is what can be attributed to the causes of MRMs as recorded in the report (Shappell, 1997). The errors made here clearly shows that human factors are so influential because they play very important roles in determining the out put and productivity of the aviation staff. Therefore, factors like employee motivation, training, safety and health should be taken seriously at all times. They can determine the successes of an organization. So, management should not be relaxed because it can result into errors and mistakes that can negatively impact on the overall performance and success of the

Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Public Health - Essay Example The primary goal of the nurses is to promote and preserve the health of the population through the assessment of the health needs, health planning, implementation and evaluation of the current impact of health services to the target population (Clark, 2008). The nurse is expected to act as a clinician, health educator by dissemination of correct disease prevention information, facilitator by establishing linkages and evaluator of the outcome of the nursing interventions. The nurses are involved in health promotion services and disease prevention in the communities (Carroll, 2004). The nurse is actively involved in health planning process by identifying the community health problems and environmental hazards that present high health risk to the target population (Clark, 2008). Role in health planning The nurse must collaborate with specific risk populations within the community in developing a public policy that will guide the disease prevention efforts (Phyllis, 2009, p 20). ... The community health nurse must be actively involved in setting the priorities for the health-related interventions that lead to great impact on the health of the population (Carroll, 2004). Accordingly, the nurse will be tasked with the design and outlining the key areas that will be covered in the health education campaigns and disease prevention efforts such as providing awareness on the need of immunizations, personal hygiene and disease screening (Phyllis, 2009, p 22). It is the duty of the nurse to identify the vulnerable and high-risk groups and provide the necessary assistance in preventing the communicable diseases (Clark, 2008). Role in implementation The nurse is expected to assist the patients to attain optimum health care in situations of ill health, injury or normal health. Accordingly, the nurse is tasked with maintaining client and administrative health records and adhering to the professional and legal framework regarding the confidentiality and privacy of patients ( Clark, 2008). The nurse must advocate for the dignity and respect of patients and respect the autonomy of the patients in regards to the health needs. In addition, the nurse is expected to promote the principles of fairness and equity while addressing the health needs of the clients and promoting healthy environment in the homes, schools and community. As an educator, the nurse is tasked with promoting higher results through constant review of the emerging issues regarding the health care promotion services (Carroll, 2004). The nurse has a collaborative role that entails working closely with other health care professionals such as occupational therapists psychologists, biostatisticians, and nutritionists in promotion the health

Creating Positive Environment for Learning Assignment

Creating Positive Environment for Learning - Assignment Example In order to achieve this, the kind of learning environment where the child is exposed to is of primary importance. Making a student learn with so many distractions from the environment poses a problem to many teachers and institutions today. Because of much advancement in technology, parents and schools compete with media and a host of other information providers that catch the learner's attention. How to create a positive environment for learning is a challenge that institutions and education providers greatly face, and is the main focus of this literature review. Indeed, mounting evidence indicates that a strong relationship exists between Student academic performance and classroom conduct (e.g., Cantwell & Baker, 1987; Delaney & Kaiser, 2001; Kaiser & Hester, 1997). Research also demonstrates that students who do not perform well in class often have an increased incidence of discipline problems (Nelson, Scott, & Polsgrove, 1999). Other classroom factors, such as improper curricular placement, negative management styles, and ineffective instruction, can exacerbate an already difficult situation (Kauffman, 2001). Given these circumstances, it follows that school personnel need to reconsider young adolescents' needs and create a learning environment that contributes to positive behavior as well as academic achievement. Media headlines appear to suggest that schools today are hotbeds of aggressive and violent behavior. In fact, statistics show that these incidents, fortunately, occur very infrequently, and that schools remain the safest place for middle school students. Nevertheless, school personnel have a responsibility to recognize the effects of lesser yet more predictable misbehaviors on learning, and to take deliberate action to create a positive school environment. There is a growing consensus that a positive and safe learning environment is one that emphasizes cooperation, collaboration, and peaceful existence, and is one that is free from threats of psychological or physical harm--that is, an environment that reflects caring and concern for all students (Manning, 2000).Drawing upon the accumulated literature, we found evidence that effective learning environments usually:* Recognize and accept the differences among young adolescents'physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development, and pro videdevelopmentally appropriate instruction ; * Place value on gender, sexual orientation, cultural, and linguisticdifferences, and provide classroom organization and instructionalapproaches that account for these differences ; * Provide curriculum that enhances young adolescents' acceptance of self and others, and that enables them to accept differences andsimilarities among people ; * Provide instruction that ensures a high degree of academicengagement and success for all young adolescents;* Utilize management procedures that emphasize the idea that studentsconstitute a community of learners, all of whom should accept (or betaught to accept) responsibility for their behavior ; * Pro

Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Public Health - Essay Example The primary goal of the nurses is to promote and preserve the health of the population through the assessment of the health needs, health planning, implementation and evaluation of the current impact of health services to the target population (Clark, 2008). The nurse is expected to act as a clinician, health educator by dissemination of correct disease prevention information, facilitator by establishing linkages and evaluator of the outcome of the nursing interventions. The nurses are involved in health promotion services and disease prevention in the communities (Carroll, 2004). The nurse is actively involved in health planning process by identifying the community health problems and environmental hazards that present high health risk to the target population (Clark, 2008). Role in health planning The nurse must collaborate with specific risk populations within the community in developing a public policy that will guide the disease prevention efforts (Phyllis, 2009, p 20). ... The community health nurse must be actively involved in setting the priorities for the health-related interventions that lead to great impact on the health of the population (Carroll, 2004). Accordingly, the nurse will be tasked with the design and outlining the key areas that will be covered in the health education campaigns and disease prevention efforts such as providing awareness on the need of immunizations, personal hygiene and disease screening (Phyllis, 2009, p 22). It is the duty of the nurse to identify the vulnerable and high-risk groups and provide the necessary assistance in preventing the communicable diseases (Clark, 2008). Role in implementation The nurse is expected to assist the patients to attain optimum health care in situations of ill health, injury or normal health. Accordingly, the nurse is tasked with maintaining client and administrative health records and adhering to the professional and legal framework regarding the confidentiality and privacy of patients ( Clark, 2008). The nurse must advocate for the dignity and respect of patients and respect the autonomy of the patients in regards to the health needs. In addition, the nurse is expected to promote the principles of fairness and equity while addressing the health needs of the clients and promoting healthy environment in the homes, schools and community. As an educator, the nurse is tasked with promoting higher results through constant review of the emerging issues regarding the health care promotion services (Carroll, 2004). The nurse has a collaborative role that entails working closely with other health care professionals such as occupational therapists psychologists, biostatisticians, and nutritionists in promotion the health

Stakeholder Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stakeholder Analysis Paper - Essay Example A typical issue that requires stakeholder analysis is delays in dispatch of purchases to their respective buyers. Inefficiencies leading to delays clearance and sending of consignments to their respective destinations cause congestion in the warehouses as well as confusion and possible misplacement of orders in the office. It is for this reason that a stakeholder analysis is crucial. To start with, identification of the various groups involved and their involvement in the whole problem is a crucial starting point. In this case, the dispatch manager, the warehouse administrator and his team, and the cognisee are the three entities whose actions and in action are responsible for the problem. The client, regulatory agencies, and tax officials are other stakeholders whose actions have a profound impact in this case. All these stakeholders have varied interest in the process, which determines the urgency with which they facilitate the process. The dispatch manger is responsible for cleari ng the purchases to enable the warehouse staff to process release of the goods to the cognisee. Failure or delays in executions of this important task will definitely lead to delays in dispatch. The warehouse administrator and his team have the duty of releasing the supplies in the quantities and manner listed in the dispatch order. In case of delays or improper communication from the dispatch team, confusion may set in and derail the entire process. Once the goods have been packaged and ready for release from the warehouse, the consignee has a duty of picking them up at an agreed time. If there are delays from the consignee, then the supplies will end up congesting the warehouse. The client on the other hand may delay in clearing all the necessary paperwork and financial requirements before release of goods. The tax regimes and regulatory authorities may also have impositions on certain goods, which may delay the entire process. As a manger, each of these stakeholders is a target f or review in order to ascertain the cause of delays. Could be laxity and incompetence on the part of the dispatch team, the warehouse or the consignee is responsible for this delays. System limitations, low motivation of employees, lack of proper communication and bureaucratic process may be the cause of all these delays. Finding all the issues that they deal with in processing the release of supplies is the first step in resolving the whole issue. On the other end, delays from the customer and regulating entities may be responsible for the problem. The final step after finding out the different pertinent issues that could be causing the problem is to look into ways of fixing the problem. The most important aspect is to ensure support and cooperation of all stakeholders in finding a solution. Each of the stakeholders will require different approach in order open up a discussion on the issue. Blame games and authoritative enquiry will only kill the process and lead to no tangible inf ormation. The planning process will involve all stakeholders, who should contribute ideas and possible solutions to the challenges. At the end, the manager will record all the issues that create opportunities and obstacles for stakeholder involvement, and use the information to resolve the issue. In conclusion, stakeholder analysis is a very useful tool that enables managers and institutions identify and effectively resolve issues in their workplaces. Through this process, stakeholders are able to participate in

The Sustainability of Professionalism in Print Journalism in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

The Sustainability of Professionalism in Print Journalism in the 21st Century Essay Introduction Professionalism in print journalism is being redefined by the tremendous connectivity and widespread use of the Internet in the 21st Century. This state of being is unique to the journalism industry in that is considered to be recidivism from the professional to the amateur. The case of UK print journalism is considered to describe how this has come to be. Professionalism in general is defined as the organization of an industry or profession into a cohesive group with established standards of practice, a code of conduct or ethics and a well-defined structure recognized by the general population and regulated by the government in which members practice.    Professional journalists in particular are required to have qualified from a recognized institution for journalists, licensed by the professional regulation commission and accredited by a recognized association of journalists. However, professionalism in journalism as defined in sociological debate fails to take into account the history that led to the development of the professions. Professions in the UK have developed in an upward fashion, a series of actions that occur without pre-emption and securing professional status as a result. The organization and administration of UK professional services is peculiar to that country, in contrast with the downward orientation of the German professions. (Neal and Morgan, 2000) In this essay, a brief history of British print journalism will be described and recent developments will be taken into account to illustrate how technological innovations have affected journalism and the concept of professionalism. For the purpose of this paper, the term journalism refers specifically to print journalism and journalist or journalists refer to person or group of people in print journalism. History of British journalism In the UK, journalism had developed in an upward orientation. The original spread of news was affected by ordinary citizens in the pursuit of their regular occupations, perhaps as merchants or sales clerks. Some news found itself in print in the weekly news books that served as newspapers during this time but circulation was limited. The onset of the industrial revolution in the mid 19th Century resulted in printing and distribution capabilities that made journalism big business. The rotary printing press, cheap paper and mass literacy led to the rise of mass media. (Wallace, 2006) But as early as the 17th Century, newspapers were already being published in Europe, but the right to print in England was strictly regulated. It took a foreigner from Amsterdam, Joris Veseler to produce the first English-language newspaper in 1620. By 1665, the news book style papers ceased printing with the publication of the Oxford Gazette as the first official journal of record and the Crown newspaper, eventually renamed the London Gazette. By the time of the abolition of the Star Chamber, printing restrictions were lifted, especially at the advent of the Civil War, when news became a precious commodity. Duties paid for paper products and stamps were progressively reduced from the 1830s which encouraged the mass dissemination of newspapers in the country. There were 52 London newspapers in the first quarter of the 19th century, including the two most influential for that period, The Daily University Register, later to become The Times, and The Manchester Guardian, later to be renamed The Guardian. By 1855, newspapers with more mass appeal made its appearance as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, shortening its name to The Daily Telegraph. The first instance of yellow journalism, defined as the sensationalism or tabloidism that proliferated with the rise of partisan newspapers occurred between 1860 and 1910, also the period of the rise of socialist and labour newspapers. The term yellow journalism arose from the circulation battle between Joseph Pulitzer’s The World and William Randolph Hearst’s Journal both in the city of New York. The Daily Herald, the first labour union newspaper, saw the light of day in 1912. The 20th Century and World War I was the scene of the first big newspaper moguls headed by the Harmsworth Brothers and the Berry Brothers and later Max Aitken. The first tabloid newspapers emerged after World War II, dominated in 1963 by Cecil Harmsworth King of the International Publishing House, publishing more than 200 newspapers and magazines, including the record-breaking Daily Mirror. By the 20th century, Fleet Street had become the centre for the British national press, at one time housing over a dozen major daily newspapers with diverse political stances. These included the liberal The Guardian, conservative The Daily Telegraph and Labour party advocate Daily Mirror. However, in the 1980s, the publications started moving away, the last hold-out being British news office Reuters, who moved out in 2005. Professional journalism As earlier mentioned, technological innovations enabled the mass production and distribution of news, which became a lucrative undertaking. This mass circulation gave journalist a wide audience they could influence because most people believe what they read in the papers. At first, the press took on the role as a social conscience, providing the masses with information about what the government and big businesses are doing. But as the resistance to press freedom intensified, the journalistic claim that â€Å"the public has the right to know† gave rise to abuse of press freedom by irresponsible journalists, seeking to raise circulation by publishing   sensationalist articles. In response, legitimate journalists joined forces to impose rigorous standards for investigation and reporting, developing an ethical framework based on impartiality, accuracy, transparency and objectivity. (â€Å"New media journalism: how professional reporters are being influenced by the internet,† 2006) Some critics of this structure maintain that objectivity in journalism is a paradox. What is reported is based on the subjective selection of the journalist of what is in important information, a view that may differ from one journalist to the other. (Media Lens, 2005)   However, The National Union of Journalists even claims that recent attempts by the Press Complaints Commission to improve the Code of Practice for journalism fall short of the ethical standards established by the NUJ and followed by all its members. (â€Å"NUJ Code of Conduct is still stricter than PCC guidelines,† 2007) The following tables encompass the codes as embodied in the PCC and NUJ. Table I: CODE OF PRACTICE (Ratified by the Press Complaints Commission 26th November 1997) Source: http://www.uta.fi/ethicnet/uk2.html All members of the press have a duty to maintain the highest professional and ethical standards. This code sets the benchmarks for those standards. It both protects the rights of the individual and upholds the publics right to know. The code is the cornerstone of the system of self-regulation to which the industry has made a binding commitment. Editors and publishers must ensure that the code is observed rigorously not only by their staff but also by anyone who contributes to their publications. It is essential to the workings of an agreed code that it be honoured not only to the letter but in the full spirit. The code should not be interpreted so narrowly as to compromise its commitment to respect the rights of the individual, nor so broadly that it prevents publication in the public interest. It is the responsibility of editors to co-operate with the PCC as swiftly as possible in the resolution of complaints. Any publication which is criticised by the PCC. under one of the following clauses must print the adjudication which follows in full and with due prominence The public interest There may be exceptions to the clauses marked * where they can be demonstrated to be in the public interest. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The public interest includes: i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Detecting or exposing crime or a serious misdemeanour. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Protecting public health and safety. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of an individual or organisation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any case where the public interest is invoked, the Press Complaints Commission will require a full explanation by the editor demonstrating how the public interest was served. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In cases involving children, editors must demonstrate an exceptional public interest to over-ride the normally paramount interests of the child. 1. Accuracy i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Newspapers and periodicals should take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted material including pictures. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whenever it is recognised that a significant inaccuracy, misleading statement or distorted report has been published, it should be corrected promptly and with due prominence. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An apology must be published whenever appropriate. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Newspapers, whilst free to be partisan, must distinguish clearly between comment, conjecture and fact v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A newspaper or periodical must report fairly and accurately the outcome of an action for defamation to which it has been a party. 2. Opportunity to reply A fair opportunity for reply to inaccuracies must be given to individuals or organisations when reasonably called for. 3. Privacy* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everyone is entitled to respect for his or her private and family life, home, health and correspondence. A publication will be expected to justify intrusions into any individuals private life without consent ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of long lens photography to take pictures of people in private places without their consent is unacceptable. Note Private places are public or private property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. 4. Harassment* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists and photographers must neither obtain nor seek to obtain information or pictures through intimidation, harassment or persistent pursuit ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They must not photograph individuals in private places (as defined by the note to clause 3) without their consent; must not persist in telephoning, questioning, pursuing or photographing individuals after having been asked to desist; must not remain on their property after having been asked to leave and must not follow them. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Editors must ensure that those working for them comply with these requirements and must not publish material from other sources which does not meet these requirements. 5. Intrusion into grief or shock In cases involving personal grief or shock, enquiries should be carried out and approaches made with sympathy and discretion. Publication must be handled sensitively at such times but this should not be interpreted as restricting the right to report judicial proceedings. 6.Children* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Young people should be free to complete their time at school without unnecessary intrusion. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists must not interview or photograph a child under the age of 16 on subjects involving the welfare of the child or any other child in the absence of or without the consent of a parent or other adult who is responsible for the children. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pupils must not be approached or photographed while at school without the permission of the school authorities. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There must be no payment to minors for material involving the welfare of children nor payments to parents or guardians for material about their children or wards unless it is demonstrably in the childs interest. v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where material about the private life of a child is published, there must be justification for publication other than the fame, notoriety or position of his or her parents or guardian. 7. Children in sex cases 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The press must not, even where the law does not prohibit it, identify children under the age of 16 who are involved in cases concerning sexual offences, whether as victims or as witnesses. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any press report of a case involving a sexual offence against a child i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The child must not be identified. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The adult may be identified. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The word incest must not be used where a child victim might be identified. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Care must be taken that nothing in the report implies the relationship between the accused and the child. 8. Listening Devices* Journalists must not obtain or publish material obtained by using clandestine listening devices or by intercepting private telephone conversations. 9. Hospitals* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists or photographers making enquiries at hospitals or similar institutions should identify themselves to a responsible executive and obtain permission before entering non-public areas. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The restrictions on intruding into privacy are particularly relevant to enquiries about individuals in hospitals or similar institutions. 10. Innocent relatives and friends* The press must avoid identifying relatives or friends of persons convicted or accused of crime without their consent. 11. Misrepresentation* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists must not generally obtain or seek to obtain information or pictures through misrepresentation or subterfuge. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Documents or photographs should be removed only with the consent of the owner. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subterfuge can be justified only in the public interest and only when material cannot be obtained by any other means. 12. Victims of sexual assault The press must not identify victims of sexual assault or publish material likely to contribute to such identification unless there is adequate justification and, by law, they are free to do so. 13. Discrimination i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to a persons race, colour, religion, sex or sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It must avoid publishing details of a persons race, colour, religion, sexual orientation, physical or mental illness or disability unless these are directly relevant to the story. 14. Financial journalism i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even where the law does not prohibit it, journalists must not use for their own profit financial information they receive in advance of its general publication, nor should they pass such information to others. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They must not write about shares or securities in whose performance they know that they or their close families have a significant financial interest without disclosing the interest to the editor or financial editor. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They must not buy or sell, either directly or through nominees or agents, shares or securities about which they have written recently or about which they intend to write in the near future. 15. Confidential sources Journalists have a moral obligation to protect confidential sources of information. 16. Payment for articles* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Payment or offers of payment for stories or information must not be made directly or through agents to witnesses or potential witnesses in current criminal proceedings except where the material concerned ought to be published in the public interest and there is an overriding need to make or promise to make a payment for this to be done. Journalists must take every possible step to ensure that no financial dealings have influence on the evidence that those witnesses may give. (An editor authorising such a payment must be prepared to demonstrate that there is a legitimate public interest at stake involving matters that the public has a right to know. The payment or, where accepted, the offer of payment to any witness who is actually cited to give evidence should be disclosed to the prosecution and the defence and the witness should be advised of this). ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii) Payment or offers of payment for stories, pictures or information, must not be made directly or through agents to convicted or confessed criminals or to their associates who may include family, friends and colleagues except where the material concerned ought to be published in the public interest and payment is necessary for this to be done. Table II: CODE OF CONDUCT Adopted on 29 June 1994 by British National Union of Journalists (NUJ). Source: http://www.uta.fi/ethicnet/uk.html A journalist has a duty to maintain the highest professional and ethical standards. A journalist shall at all times defend the principle of the freedom of the press and other media in relation to the collection of information and the expression of comment and criticism. He/she shall strive to eliminate distortion, news suppression and censorship. A journalist shall strive to ensure that the information he/ she disseminates is fair and accurate, avoid the expression of comment and conjecture as established fact and falsification by distortion, selection or misrepresentation. A journalist shall rectify promptly any harmful inaccuracies, ensure that correction and apologies receive due prominence and afford the right of reply to persons criticised when the issue is of sufficient importance. A journalist shall obtain information, photographs and illustrations only by straight- forward means. The use of other means can be justified only by over-riding considerations of the public interest. The journalist is entitled to exercise a personal conscientious objection to the use of such means. Subject to the justification by over-riding considerations of the public interest, a journalist shall do nothing which entails intrusion into private grief and distress. A journalist shall protect confidential sources of information. A journalist shall not accept bribes nor shall he/ she allow other inducements to influence the performance of his/ her professional duties. A journalist shall not lend himself/ herself to the distortion or suppression of the truth because of advertising or other considerations. A journalist shall only mention a persons age, race, colour, creed, illegitimacy, disability, marital status (or lack of it), gender or sexual orientation if this information is strictly relevant. A journalist shall neither originate nor process material which encourages discrimination, ridicule, prejudice or hatred on any of the above-mentioned grounds. A journalist shall not take private advantage of information gained in the course of his/ her duties, before the information is public knowledge. A journalist shall not by way of statement, voice or appearance endorse by advertisement any commercial product or service save for the promotion of his/ her own work or of the medium by which he/ she is employed. As the journalistic profession became more organized and membership into accredited bodies became a requirement for credibility, the influential and powerful only needed to convince a few people in key positions to favour only information gathered from legitimate or â€Å"official† sources. Mainly this was comprised of information doled out by government officials and influential, private individuals. Officialdom began to set the tone for the professional press, and any disagreement to such an agenda began to be considered â€Å"biased† journalism. Statement of opinions was considered unprofessional, unless they happened to concur or reinforce official sources. (Media Lens, 2005) It gradually became necessary to attend journalism school in order to practice as a journalist, another step in the professionalism project. Some decry this as an attempt to mould prospective journalists into the prescribed direction of what is considered legitimate reporting. Some claim that the â€Å"professionalism† taught in journalism schools are highly influenced by big corporate publishers, media monopolies, under the guise of objective and balanced reporting. The training involves presumptions of the proper sources for legitimate news, the so-called â€Å"official sources.† These include prominent public and government figures. (Media Lens, 2005) War and peace Censorship of news is accomplished through a system referred to as the buzz saw. Anyone covering sensitive stories that deal with powerful people may be subject to this, and usually has an adverse effect on journalistic careers. (Media Lens, 2005)   This is especially true when reporting on war. British journalist and war correspondent mused, â€Å"When you stand at the site of a massacre, two things happen. First, you wonder about the depths of the human spirit. And then you ask yourself how many lies can be told about it.† Journalists have accepted that in times of war, the rules of journalism follows certain rules, chief among is to sustain the illusion that government decisions and actions are always just and right, and that the â€Å"other side† is always doing atrocities and lies. This is a form of patriotism that takes precedence over the clear-headed reporting of facts as they occur. It is the unspoken rule that journalists take sides, and always on the side of the government. This has been the case ever since the first civilian British war correspondent was send to Crimea in 1854. British television and radio announcer John Humphrys stated it in a nutshell, â€Å"In times of peace it is our job to question politicians vigorously, with the hope that they will answer the questions in the listeners heads. So long as we do not stray into operational areas and jeopardize our servicemen and servicewomen, I cannot for the life of me see why it should be different in times of war.† (Pesic, 1999) Yet, while in peace time patriotism is not an overt requirement, is it not true that journalists still prefer the status quo? That is, sustaining the balance of power by taking a favourable view of the establishment? It is easy, even encouraged, to report on the good things the powerful and influential are doing. There is no fierce scrambling to verify sources once, twice even thrice, as is in the case of any adverse reporting that may be done against the established order. This appears to be an echoing of the â€Å"we† and â€Å"they† perspective. Unfortunately, the â€Å"we† and â€Å"they† in peacetime involve people of one national identity. This is hardly a defensible position.   And this phenomenon is not peculiar to the British press. In fact, it seems to be the rule for legitimate press all over the world. Amateur journalism The advent of electronic media has challenged this state of journalistic affairs to a significant degree. As a reaction to rising costs associated with printing on paper, the idea to post online unpublished (because of space constraints) articles on a single webpage occurred to journalist and photographer Patrick Trollope in 1998. Interest in the website swiftly grew, encouraging the eventual establishment of the UK’s first online-only regional newspaper Southport Reporter. It is a recognized member of the NUJ and subscribes to the rules and regulations established by the organization. However, it is not the professional websites that has been changing the face of journalism in the world, and perhaps particularly in UK. It is the â€Å"amateur† sites such as web logs, forums, vlogs, even wikis that are defying the control and codes imposed by professionalism advocates. The problem with this amateur journalism, from the point of view of professional journalists, is their blithe unconcern for established order. There are no qualifications to join a forum or to respond to a topic on a weblog. People need not be a journalism graduate to share their knowledge about the best way to get coffee stains out of linen, or to discuss the state of cafeteria food at their children’s school. Perhaps if these sites limited themselves to such inocuous topics then professional journalists would not be so down on â€Å"amateur† journalists. While it is true they are â€Å"unqualified† based on established norms, non-membership in the NUJ or any other association does not prevent a housewife in London to have an opinion, perhaps even knowledge, about the war in Serbia. Professional journalists appear to forget that the first reporters in the UK had similar characteristics to today’s weblogger. They were average citizens with ordinary occupations such as postmasters or travelling salesmen with some news to impart, unverifiable for the most part, yet news nonetheless. At that time, print journalism was the â€Å"new† media, much like what online journalism is today. The most fundamental difference between these two stages of the 17th and 21st Century in journalism is that the latter shared news on the weather, trading, political situation in the surrounding counties and perhaps news from the war, much like what legitimate news is today. The former is more opinion driven, personal views of the world around them and the circumstances that conspire to induce discussion. There are no claims to legitimacy or verifiability from official sources. The new media of electronic reporting is the expression the masses in reaction to the official stand of the privileged few. In a way, it is the new socialism of journalism. Discussion Twentieth century journalist James Cameron, considered by many to be the greatest British journalist of modern times, refers to journalism as a craft rather than a profession, meaning he considered it an occupation which takes years of apprenticeship to hone to a skill. In history, UK journalism has followed a path to professionalism as an inevitable conclusion to pressures of political influence, market forces and the bottom line. Even yellow journalism has found a place in the ranks, albeit at the lower levels of the hierarchy. While it would be irresponsible to categorize this as propaganda, the rigid control and censorship of British journalism that has arisen from the development of the profession has made it less responsive to mass opinion and more inclined to follow the dictates of an official agenda. In the UK, especially, where the passion for following rules of conduct permeates the whole society, professional journalists have had to toe a very fine line indeed. Yet the desire to expose the truth in all its forms has persisted in the manner in which journalists pursue the gathering of information, While this may have no forum in legitimate publications, many have found a voice in the new media of electronic publishing. No rigid rules control the expression of opinion, and while some denounce this as unqualified, even unaccountable, this is no detriment to these thousand, even millions of amateurs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Professionalism in journalism is the pursuit of regulation that attempts to establish legitimacy and credibility in their endeavors. Dissenters and critics of officialdom decry to imposition of censorship and control. This is not necessarily an unfortunate state of affairs, because it provides the public with a basis for opinion, debate and discussion and encourages a healthy watchdog system. Professionalism in journalism will evolve eventually to provide for this growing population of mass-driven media and perhaps this will serve to shift the focus in journalism more from agenda to truth. References Dico, J. Elliott, F. (2006) Journalists have no morality, PM’s wife tells students. Independent News and Media Limited. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article2016131.ece Dohnanyi, J. Mà ¶ller, C. (2003) The impact of media concentration on professional journalism. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2003/12/12244_102_en.pdf Evetts, J. (2000) Professions in European and UK Markets; the European Professional Federations. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy Vol. 20 No. 11/12 History of British newspapers. (2007, May 10). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:00, May 18, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_British_newspapersoldid=129834454 Media Lens (2005) Thought control and â€Å"professional† journalism. Dissident Voice. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Nov05/MediaLens1103.htm Neal, M. Morgan, J. (2000) The Professionalisation of Everyone? A comparative study of the development of the professions in the United Kingdom and Germany. European Sociological Review Vol. 16 No.1 pp9-26 NUJ Code of Conduct is still stricter than PCC guidelines. (2007) National Union of Journalists. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.nuj.org.uk/ Pesic, M. (1999) Patriotism versus professionalism. Media Diversity Institute.   Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.media-diversity.org/articles_publications/patriotism%20versus%20professionalism.htm UK ruling seen protecting investigative journalism. (2006) Reuters. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://today.reuters.com/news/articlebusiness.aspx?type=telecommstoryid=nL11772231WTmodLoc=BizArt-R3-Insights-1from=business Wallace, M. (2006) New media journalism: how professional reporters are being influenced by the internet. Robin Good. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.masternewmedia.org/news/2006/11/10/new_media_journalism_how_professional.htm

Technology in the Classroom Essay -- Technology Technological Essays

Technology in the Classroom Classrooms of the future will be different than they are today; as they will include more and newer forms of technology. These technological advances will be readily available for use by both students and teachers. I see my classroom making use of the many forms of technology that are available, including: PowerPoint presentations, electron microscopes, video conferencing, web-sites, and smart boards. These many forms of technology available will serve both educational and informational purposes. As technology changes so too must classrooms. This is why I see my classroom being different than those of today, the ones we are used to. I see my students making more use of PowerPoint for their presentations. This will be in place of posters and will help get students ready, early on, for more technology that can be a little challenging. PowerPoint could also help more with the creative process and be used for small (2 or 3 students) group work. Working on these presentations would be very beneficial for cooperation skills as well as make use of communication. Students would also take more ownership of their presentation when they invest more time with it, a great advantage of PowerPoint. Although PowerPoint is already widely available for upper lever classrooms, middle school and beyond, I can foresee them used in elementary school as well, third grade and beyond. Electron microscopes will also be used in my classroom to help with insects on insects or other small animals. These will most likely be used in a science environment and would aid in better understanding of anatomies. For example, a classroom from the Clear View Charter School used these ... ...s and becomes more advanced, readily available for use, so too will my classroom. I will adapt teaching and learning approaches, for students, with use of new and innovative technologies. Students will make use of technology and become more involved with the lesson being taught. As a result, learning would happen with more ease and less confusion. Works Cited Orrep, Becky. (2005). Smart Boards. Wyoming Tribune-Eagle. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://web.gvtechnologies.com/products/smart-boards.htm GLEF Staff. (2000). The Project’s Culmination. Edutopia. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.edutopia.org/php/article.php?id=Art_638 GLEF Staff. (2000). Student Researchers. Edutopia. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.edutopia.org/php/article.php?id=Art_632